Introducing Translation Studies

 
                                               
 
 
3. Read Chapters 1 and 2 of Introducing Translation Studies and record conclusions. 
 
 
Chapter 1 Main issues of translation studies: 
 
https://youtu.be/fhnV2kwLWOQ
 
 
In this chapter the book explain to major concepts and models of translation studies and  several meanings that has the translation in the field of languages, also in this text explain the different translations that exist like Intersemiotic translation, Intralingual translation between others and the different verbal sign systems, that has been the traditional focus of translation studies. Some authors of this chapter have their point of view about translation, they say that  each of these construes the process of translation differently and anticipates that the target text will show a substantial change of form compared to the source.
 
The translation have had an important rol to facilite the communication in contexts different through years and in the world exist many places to study the translation and interpretation, there are higher-level and university language courses and professional translator training. The research and studies of some authors compared the translations from one language to another identifying the correct terminology for each translation because they realized that errors were found; Reason for which they studied the linguistics of the translation and incorporated the grammar adding that exist theories that are subdivide in translation by machine and humans and present-day research has transformed the 1972 perspective because the translation policy is far more likely to be related to the ideology, including language policy and hegemony, that determines translation, although it would probably be best to consider interpreting as a parallel field under the title of interpreting studies.
 
Developments continued at a fast pace in the new millennium, with special interest devoted to translation, globalization and resistance Research activity, as well as the practice of translation, has also been revolutionized by new technologies. These new areas include audiovisual translation, localization and corpus-based translation studies. Exist  translation and translation studies, reflecting the different centres of interest of research. Translation looks at the act of translating and is subdivided into: lingual mode (interlingual, intralingual); media (printed, audiovisual, electronic); mode (covert/overt translation, direct/indirect translation, mother tongue/ other tongue translation, pseudo-translation, retranslation, self-translation, sight translation, etc.); field (political, journalistic, technical, literary, religious, scientific, commercial). And Translation studies is subdivided into: approaches (e.g. cultural approach, linguistic approach);  theories (e.g. general translation theory, polysystem theory);  research methods (e.g. descriptive, empirical);  applied translation studies (criticism, didactics, institutional environment). 
 
Into the translation are linguistics (especially semantics, pragmatics, applied and contrastive linguistics, cognitive linguistics); modern languages and language studies; comparative literature;  cultural studies (including gender studies and postcolonial studies) and the specialized translation courses should have an element of instruction in the disciplines in which the trainees are planning to translate such as law, politics, medicine, finance, science, etc.
 
 
 
 
Chapter 2 Translation theory before the twentieth century: 
 
https://youtu.be/QD-aezELfCw
 
 
In this chapter explain the difference between word for word and sense for sense of translation; for example, in Roman times  texts were  translated word for word was exactly what the text said, but authors like Cicero, Horace and Jerome said that this was an incorrect translation;  for them, the correct translation was sense for sense. To the translation word for word Jerome referred to it as a literal translation which said that it was an absurd translation that concealed the original meaning and the translation sense called it free which allowed to translate the text with coherence. 
There has been much controversy as to the translation and some drawbacks throughout history and more in the translation of the Bible. Kelly looks in detail at the history of translation theory, starting with the teachings of the writers of Antiquity.
 
Some that I want highlight in this chapter are the five principles the translation that Dolet set out and that gave in order of importance:
 
1. The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author, although he should feel free to clarify obscurities.
2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language.
3. The translator should avoid word for word renderings.
4. The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forms.
5, The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness. 
 
On the other hand, Tytler defines a good translation in reader oriented terms to be that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work and has three general laws or rules for translation. 
 
1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
 
Tytler's first law ties in with Dolet's first two principles in that it refers to the translator having a 'perfect knowledge' of the original.
and 'sense-for-sense' translation